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Pn Fl ee
NATURAL HISTORY
te. | OF
BRITISH BIRDS;
SELECTION or rue MOST RARE, BEAUTIFUL, anv INTERESTING
5. ib ok ee.
WHICH INHABIT THIS COUNTRY:
THE DESCRIPTIONS FROM THE
eS Ra We Ae. Nd RO Re Ze
OLE
PLapeta iN ev INE : Ug);
WITH
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS,
E:THER ORIGINAL, OR COLLECTED FROM THE LATEST
AND MOST ESTEEMED
ENGLISH ORNITHOLOGISTS;
AND EMBELLISHED WITH
Pet Ge |) UR oa,
DRAWN, ENGRAVED, AND COLOURED FROM THE ORIGINAL SPECIMENS.
By E. DONOVAN.
Vi Or Boy’,
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR; AND FOR F. AND C. RIVINGTON,
No. 62, ST. PAUL’S CHURCH-YARD. 1797.
BLA OLX XIE
ARDEA MAJOR.
ARDEA CLNER EA,
COMMON HERON.
GRA Db ae
Bill roundifh. ‘Tongue entire, flefhy. Thighs naked. Toes
divided.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Bill long, ftrong, pointed. Noftrils inca Tongue pointed.
Toes connected as far as the firft joint by a {trong membrane.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Head of the male crefted with long black feathers. Grey above.
Breaft white, marked with oblong black fpots.
MA & ER:
Arpea Major. Linn. Syf. feep. 256. 12,
Scop. Ann. I. N° 117.
Kram. El. p. 346. N° 4,
frifch. t. 199.”
A 2
PLAT Pte
Alia Ardea. Gefner av. 219.
Ardea Cinerea major feu pella. Raii Syn. av. 98. -
Common Heron, or Heronfhaw. Will. Orn. 277.
Rai Syn. p. 98. A. t.
The Heron, or Heronfhaw: Ardea cinerea major five pella.—
Albin. I. pl. 67.
Common Heron. Penn. Br. Zool. N° 173.
—— Ar. Zool. N° 343.
Lath. Gen. Syn. Vol. 5. p. 83. 50.
Heron cendre. Selon. av. 182.
Le Heron hupe. » Bri. Orn. 5. p..g9. ai p/. 35.
Bape Oyoa. pagans
Oy En. GS.
Garza cinerizia orofla. Liman. 112.
Reyger. Frifch. 2. 199.
Blauer Rager. Kram. 346.
Hager. Faun. Suec. fp. 59-
Pew aA one
ARDEA CINEREA. Linn. Syft. 1. p. 256. 11.
Scop. den: Lo N° 11073
Kram. FI sp. 246. We x,
Ardea pella five cinerea. Gefn. av. 21%
Ardea cinerea tertia. Aldr. av. 3. ¥59-
Common Heron. Albin. 3. pl. 78.
Pennant Br. Zool.
Artt, Zool. N° 343.
Ie Heron. £rif-Orn. 5. pagevd: Ylegs.
Buff. Oif. 7+ $4342: ple 19.
pl. enl. 787.
PLA TE! EXxiil.
Danis et Norvegis Heyre v. Hegre. Cimbris Skid-Heire, Skred heire.
} Brunnich 156. tf
The Heron is one of the moft common birds that inhabit this
kingdom: and there is fcarcely any part of the globe that has been
vifited by travellers, in which it has not been noticed. In Britain it
was formerly held in high eftimation, not only becaufe its flefh was
accounted a delicacy at the tables of the nobility*: but becaufe Heron
Hawking was a favourite diverfion, infomuch that laws were enacted
for the prefervation of the fpecies, and any perfon by deftroying the
eggs incurred a penalty of twenty fhillings.
The plumage of the male bird is remarkable for its elegance ; per-
haps we could with lefs propriety ufe the fame expreffion, if {peaking
of its general appearance and proportions. Nature has not provided it
with webbed feet to fwim after its prey, which is almoft wholly of the
aquatic kind, but has furnifhed it with very long legs to wade after it,
and thefe give it rather an aukward appearance when ftanding on the
land. The neck alfo is long and flender, but when it ftands on the fide
of a flream or river waiting for the pafling of a fifh, its neck and head
are drawn between the fhoulders: in flying its neck is alfo crouched
down, and the head almoft concealed between the fhoulders. The
male is chiefly diftinguifhed from the female by having a fine creft of
black feathers; two in particular, in fome fpecimens, are eight
* It appears from a curious book, entitled The Regulations of the Houfbold of the Fifth
Larl of NoRTHUMBERLAND, begua in 1512, that Herons were valued at the fame price
as Bytters (Bitterns), Fefaunts (Pheafants), Curlewes (Curlews), and Peacockes (Peacocks).
“ At Principat Frasts.—-Item, it is thought in likewyze that HEARoNsEWYs
be bought for my Lordces own mees; fo that they be at xiid. a pece.”” The price of the
Crane was 16d. at the fame time, and the Goofe 3d. or at moft 4d.—Partridges 2d.
Wosdeocks % or 34.3 and Snipes three for a penny.
inches
PLATE LXxXIL
inches in length. Mr. Latham believes that this appendage is found
only in males of a full age, or perhapsvery old birds. Mr. Pennant
fays that the long foft black feathers on the fides were ufed in old times
as egrets for the hair, or ornaments to the caps of knights of the garter ;
and the crefts of the males are now ufed as ornaments in the Eaft,
‘The female has only a very fhort plume of dufky greyifh feathers,
and the loofe feathers that hang over the breaft are very fhort, while
thofe of the other fex are long. This has been generally fuppofed
a diftin@ kind: the accurate Linneus defcribed it as another {pecies,
under the fpecific name cinerea, and many other naturalifts have been
of the fame opinion, as appears by the fynonyms: Mr. Pennant ob-
ferves this was formerly fuppofed; ‘‘ but later obfervations prove
them to be the fame.” Mr. Latham adopts precifely the opinion of
Mr. Pennant, but in neither of their accounts can we find the au-
thority on which that opinion is founded. It is worthy of remark
that Albin, who lived at a time when Heronries were far more nu-
merous than at prefent (though even now they are very common in
fome parts*), in the firft volume of his Birds, has figured the male,
and in the third volume the female, yet gives not the fmalleft reafon
to conclude that he did not confider them as diftin& {pecies.
In the breeding feafon they unite in large focieties, and build on
the higheft trees. The neft is made of flicks, and lined with rufhes,
wool, feathers, &c. ‘They lay four, five, or fix eggs, of a pale green
colour. They defert the nefts in the winter, and are then found on
the banks of rivers, or marfhy places.
' The length is about three feet: breadth five feet ; weight exceeds
three pounds.
* At Crefi Halt, near Gefberton in Lincolnfhire, I have counted eighty nefts in one
tree.” Pennant.
PLATE
OF LA. T issL XXIV.
Oo 2 RO Nag ob POS Sel PE S.
BoA Cy Rey Te RN.
ANSERES.
Bill obtufe, covered with a thin membrane, broad, gibbous below
the bafe, {welled at the apex. ‘Tongue flefhy. Legs naked. Feet
webbed or finned.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Bill ftrait, flender, pointed. Noftrils narrow. Tongue flender
and fharp. Wings very long. ‘Tail forked. A {mall back toe.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Head. Neck, breaft and belly as far as the vent black. Back
and wings dark grey. Legs reddifh black.
STERNA FIssrres. Linn. Syfi. Le p298. 7: edit..1% 1766.
Larus Niger (Meyvogelin) Gefner av. 558. figs 539.
Larus Niger fidipedes. Raii Syn. p. 131. 4. A. 6.
Larus Merulinus. Scop. Ann. I. N° 108?
Sterna Nigra, Sepp Vog. pl. in p. 131.
Brack Tern. Penn. Br. Zool. N° 256.
—— Arét. Zool, N° 450.
Lath. Gen. Syn. vol. 6. 366. fp. 22 +
Suppl. 267.
Scare-
PRAT.2£ LAs
Scare-Crow. Raii Syn. p. 131. A. 3.
Black cloven-footed Gulls. /dem. 132. N° 6.
Will. Orn. 354. §- 4.6. pl. 78.
L’Hirondelle-de-Mer noire, ou |’Epouvantail. Bri. Orn. 6. p. 211.4.
Buff. Oif. 8. p.£34y,
—— Pl. enl. 333.
Kleinote Moewe. Frifch. 2. 220.
Sizlandis Glitter. Brunnich, 153.
re Ta SEE
The length of this fpecies is commonly about ten inches: breadth
twenty-four: weight two ounces anda half. The male is known
by a white fpot under the chin. Mr. Latham mentions a variety,
(Var A) in which the lower part of the breaft, belly, thighs, under
Wing coverts and vent are white; and in fome fpecimens of the
common kind the white at the vent is {pread towards the thighs.
The webs of the feet are depreffed, and form a crefcent: the colour
of the legs feem to vary ; our bird had f{carcely any of the red tinge
in the black colour.
Thefe birds frequent our fhores in fummer. Latham fays they
are obferved on the coafts of Kent in a few days after the other
terns; and, as they differ fomewhat in their manners, do not affociate.
They are found during fpring and fummer in vaft numbers in the
fens of Lincolnfhire. “The eggs are three or four in number, of
a greenifh or olive colour, {potted with black, and have alfo a band
of the fame colour about the middle. Thefe eggs are depofited
among the reeds in fens and other marfhy places, The food is in-
feGts and fmall fifh, which it procures by hovering over the water,
and darting on its prey in the fame manner as moft other birds of
the fame genus. |
It
Ora TE UxXxXive
It is an inhabitant of moft of the northern countries of Europe :
very common in Siberia, and about the falt lakes of the defarts of
Tartary. It is alfo fuppofed to be the fpecies which was feen by
Kalm in vaft flocks, beyond lat. 41. north, long. 47. W. He fays,
<¢ It was rather darker than the common fea-{wallow ; the flocks
confifted of fome hundreds, and fometimes fettled on the flinp* 3
* Vide Kaln, ‘Travels in North America, &c. tranflated by J. R. Forfter, 17705
5 PLATE
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PLATE LXXV.
SCOLOPAX EGOCEPHALA.
‘ | GODWIT.
GRALL &.
Bill roundifh. Tongue entire, flefhy. Thighs naked. Toes
divided. ies
| GENERIC CHARACTER.
’ Bill flender, ftrait, weak. Noftrils linear, in a furrow. ‘Tongue
pointed, flender. “Toes divided, or flightly connected; back toe
(mall.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONIMS.
Above pale reddifh brown; a dark mark down the middle of
each feather. Beneath white. ‘Tail barred with brown.
ScoLopax AEGOCEPHALA roftro recto, pedibus virefcentibus, capite
colloque rufefcentibus, remigibus tribus nigris
bafi albis. Linn. Syft. Nat. I. p. 147. 77. 13,
edit. 10.
C , Godwit,
PLATE Ue
Godwit, Yarwelp, Yarwip. Raii Syn. p. 105. A. 4.
Will. Orn. p. 292.
Albin. 2. pl. 70.
Penn. Br. Zool. 2. 439+ 179.
Arét. Zool. N° 373. /
‘Lath. Gen. Syn. §. pe 144614.
*
Suppl. 245. ey
Le Grande Barge grife. Brif. Orn. 5. p. 272. 3. pl. 24. fig. 2.
—aboyeufe. Buff. Oif. 7. p. Sor.
Pl. Enl. 876.
The length of this fpecies is commonly about fixteen inches ;
breadth twenty-feven, and weight twelve ounces; but they are liable
to confiderable variation in weight and fize, as well as colour:
fometimes they do not even exceed feven ounces. ,
It is very generally met with in Europe, and extends to Afia and
America. Mr. Latham fays at Hudfon’s Bay it is known by the name
of Wafawuckapefhew. Thefe Birds are found in England in the fens
amongett the Ruffs and Reeves one part of the year, but continues
with us the whole winter, frequenting the open fands like the Cur-
lew, and feeding on Infeéts.
PLATE
PLATE LXXVI.
Pilon OBSCURA.
6. SK PPE RK.
paces
Bill conic, pointed, Noftrils oval, broad, naked.
GENERIC CHARACTER,
Bill. {trait, fender, benaing a little towards the end. Noftrils
covered with feathers or briftles. ‘Tongue cloven. | Toes-divided to
the origin, back claw very long,
ALAupA Opscura, Dusxy>Lark. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 494.
| , Ne 7
Brack Lark. Albin. Vol. 3. ph ou
L’Alouette noire. Bri if. Orn. 3. p. 34. B
Buff. Oif. 5. p a enl, 650. fe I.
It feems undetermined whether we ought to confider this as a dif-
tinct fpecies, or only as a variety of the Sky Lark. Mr. Latham, in
his Synopfis, confiders it a variety, and obferves that he is aware of
this and other Birds becoming black by feeding on Hemp-feed, as
was the cafe with a Goldfinch and Houfe Sparrow. It appears alfo
liable to much variation of colours in different fpecimens. One in
C2 the
PLATE LXXVE
the Britifh Mufeum is of a full deep black throughout, and that
from which the figure in our plate-is copied, is of a lighter colour in
many parts than that feems to have been from which Albin engraved
his plate. ‘The account which this Author has given is curious:
«¢ This Lark,” fays he, ‘ was taken with a clap net by one of the
Bird-catchers in a field near Highgate, and brought to me by Mr.
Davenport, which I have taken care to draw exactly from the Bird,
neither adding nor diminifhing in the draught or colouring. This
being a curiofity, I was defired by one of my fubfcribers to make a
plate of it.”
The name Albin has given it is fcarcely juftified by this defcrip-
tion which he’has added. “¢ The bill of this. Bird was of a dufky
yellow; the irides of the eyes yellowith: it was all over of a dark
reddifh brown, inclining to black, excepting the hind part of the
head, on which was fome dufky yellowith feathers ; likewife fome
feathers with whitifh edges on the belly.”
Our fpecimen was fhot in Scotland by Mr. Agneau, Gardener
to the late Duchefs of Portland, feveral yeas ago. Its length rather
exceeds feven inches,
PLATE
t7
PE ATR EX XVil.
PA So ney BoE RN Ws.
WIN NTER GULL.
Meters
Bill obtufe, covered with a thin membrane, broad, gibbous below
the bafe, {welled at the apex. ‘Tongue flefhy. . Feet webbed, or
finned.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Bill ftrong, ftrait, bending near the end; an angular prominency
on the lower mandible. Noftrils linear. Tongue cloven. Leg and
back toe mall, naked above the knee.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER —
AND |
SY NONYIMS.
General colour white. Head and neck marked with dufky fpots.
Back grey. Scapulars grey, fpotted with brown.. i ae bar
acrofs the end of the tail. fe Aran
Larus Hysernus. Lath. Suppl. Gen. Syn. 7. 296.
Winter-Mew, or Coddy Moddy. Rai Syn. p. 130. 4 14.
' Albin, 2, pl. 87.
Will. Orn. p. 350. pl. 66.
‘Winter Gull. Penn. Br. Zool. 2. pl. 248. p. 537.
Lath, Gen, Syn. 6. p. 384.
Gauca-
PLATE Ue.
Gauca-gaucu. Razz Syn. p. 130. 12.
Wil]. .Orn. pi. 352. ;
Gavia Hyberna, le Mouette Whiver. Brifon av. 6. 189.
The length of this bird is eighteen inches: breadth three feet fix
inches ; weight feventeen ounces. It is a common bird in England,
and frequents the inland rivers, fens, and moift meadows many miles
diftant from the fea fhore in winter. |
Mr. Pennant obferves, that the gelatinous fubftance, known by
the name of Star Shot, or Star. Gelly, owes its origin to this bird, or
fome of the kind; being nothing but the half digefted remains of
Earth-W orms, on which thefe birds feed, and often difcharge them
from their ftomachs.
Mr. Morton in the Nat. Hip. Northampt. has given alfo the fol-
Jowing curious obfervation :—“ In the courfe of my corref{pondence
with the late Mr. % Platt of Oxford, I recolle&t his having men-
tioned, that once meeting with a lump of this flar-jelly, on examina-
tion he found the toes of a-Frog or Toad ftill adhering, and undif-
folved ; and from thence concluded it to be the remains of one of
thefe, having been fwallowed whole by fonie bird, and the indigeftis
ble parts brought up in the condition he found it.”
mn
PLATE
Petea re: EXXVIL
COLYMBUS SEPTENTRIONALIS.
RED THROATED DIVER.
ANSERES.
Bill obtufe, covered with a thin membrane, broad, gibbous below
the bafe, fwelled at the apex. Tongue flefhy. Legs naked. Feet
webbed, or finned.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Bill ftrait, pointed. Upper mandible longeft ; edges of each bend-
ingin. Nboftrils linear. ‘Tongue pointed, ferrated near the bafe.
Legs thin, flat. Exterior toe longeft: back toe joined to the inte-
“rior by a fmall membrane. Tail fhort, and confifts of twenty
feathers.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
: AND
SYNONYMS.
Above dufky, marked with a few white fpots. Beneath white.
Throat dull red.
Cotymeus Seprentrionatis. Linm Syft. x. p. 220. 3.
Colymbus aréticus collo rufo. Ar. Nidr. L, p. 244. b. 2. fig. 2.
Rep
PLA‘ T E DExXVa.
Rep THROATED Diver. Pen. Br. Zool. vol. 2. p. §26. 240.—%
Arét. Zool. N° 443.—Lath. Gen. Syn.
i? Vol. 5. ps 3440
Red Throated Loon. Edw. pl. 97.
Le Plongeon a gorge rouge. Brif. Orn. 6. p. 111. 3. pl. 11. fig. 1.
—PI. Enl. 308. |
Ilandis & Norvegis Loom v. Lumme; Danis, Lomm.
Brunnich, 132.
This fpecies breeds on the borders of lakes in the northern parts
of Scotland, and very rarely migrates to the fouthward but in fevere
winters. It is an inhabitant of many cold countries, fuch as Ruffia,
Siberia, Kamt{chatka, Iceland, and Greenland ; and is alfo found about
the rivers in Hudfon’s Bay. It breeds in Greenland in June. ‘The
neft is compofed of mofs and grafs, and is placed amongft the rufhes
near the water: it contains two eggs of a more elongated form than
thofe of the common Hen: they are of an afh colour, and are marked
with a few black fpots.
Thefe birds are more frequent about frefh waters than thofe of the
fea, and are injurious to the fifhermen by diving among the nets and
devouring the fifh; but they often entangle themfelves, and are by
that means taken.
The weight of this Diver is three pounds, and the length two feet
five inches. -
PLATE
Y)
aon. Bs bem AER
PAR US “ATE R.
COLEMOUSE:
PASSERES.,
Bill conic pointed. Noftrils oval, broad, naked,
GENERIC GHARACTER.
Bill ftrong, a little compreffed, fharp pointed. Briftles at the
bafe. Tongue blunt and terminated by three or four briftles. Toes
divided to the origin ; back toe very large.
SPECIFIG CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS,
Head black. Breaft and Belly dirty, or white inclining to afh
colour. Back and Wings greenifh.
Parus ATER: capite nigro, dorfo cinereo, occipite pectoreque
albo. fn. Suece 241.—Lin. Syf?. Nat. 1. 190.
100. 5» edit. 10.
Scop. Ann. 1. p. 163. N° 245.
Kram. El. p.379. N° 4.
Gefner av. 641.
era) Core.
PLATE UXXIX.
Cotemouse. Rai Syn. p. 73. A. 2.
: Will, Orn. p. 241. te 43.
Penn. Br. Zool. 1. N° 164. pl. 57. ff. 3.
—— Ar. Zool. a . |
Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 540. 7.
Suppl. 189. 8.
4
Parus Atricapillus.
La Mefange a téte noire. Brif. Orn. 3. p. 551. N° 5
La petite Charbonniere. “Buff: Oif. 5. p- 400. |
Quatriefme efpece de Mefange. Belon. av. 370.
Speermiefce, Creuzmeife. Kram. 379.
Tannen Meife, (Pine Titmoufe). Frifch. 1. 13.
It has been fuppofed by fome authors that the Parus Ater, and
Parus Paluftris * of Linnzus were not diftin& f{pecies, but merely the
two fexes of one ond: ea others Ware theught the latter only 4
variety of the firft. Willughby is the firft author worthy of con-
fideration who has noti¢ed the precife difference between the two
_ birds. He fays the Marfh Titmoufe differs from the Colemoufe in
thefe particulars : ift, that it is bigger: ad, that it wants the white
{pot onthe head: 3d, it has a larger tail: ath, its under fide is white :
sth, it has lefs black under the chin: 6th, it wants the white fpot on
the covert of the wings. Mr, Pennant obferves on this account
given by Willughby, that the laft diftinétion does not hold in ge-
neral, as the fubject figured in the Briti/b Zoology had thofe {pots ;
yet wanted that on the hind part of the head.
* Marth Titmoufe.
The
PLAT E LXEXEX,
‘The opinion of Mr. Latham in this particular deferves attention
alfo; he fays, ‘¢ it is much to be feared that the Marth Titmoufe is
not a diftinét fpecies; moft probably a mere variety of the Cole-
moufe.” Gen. Syn. vol. 4.
In the Supplement to the General Synopfis of Birds, Mr. Latham has
added the following account under the head Mars Tirmovse.
© In my Synopfis it has not appeared clear to me, whether the Coke-
moufe and this were different {pecies. I find it to be the opinion of
Sepp, that they form but one, being both figured in the fame plates
as male and female. In one of them is a {pot of white on the hind
head, and the fides of the head are white: the throat black. The
other has the top of the head wholly black, and the black fpot of the
throat wanting. The neft feems here compofed of fedge, mixed
with large cat’s-fail, lined with down and feathers: furnifhed with
five white eggs, mottled with red brown.
The Colemoufe appears to be lefs injurious in gardens and orchards
than others of the fame genus: it is alfo lefs numerous, and generally
inhabits woods. The length is four inches. It is found throughout
Europe and in America.
By Ee AE
Shi ea
r
«
~
ee. LXXX,
CORVUS CARYOCATACTES,.
Nike CR ACKER:
Pic &.
Bill compreffed, convex.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Bill trong, conic, with briftles at its bafe reflected downwards,
Tongue bifid.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
ie AND
SYNONYMS,
Entirely dark brown, marked with triangular white {pots on every
part, except the Wings and Tail.
Corvus Caryocartactes: fufcus alboque pun¢tatus, alis cau-
daque nigris: rectricibus apice albis: in-
termediis apice detritis.
Caryocatactes, Raii Syn. p. 42.
7 ill. Orn. p. 132. pl. 20.
Nutcracker, Edwards, pl. 240.
Penn. Br. Zool. 2. App. p. 025. ple 3.
E 3 Lath.
PL AUT Se
Lath. Gen. Syn. 1. 400. 38.
Suppl. 82.
Ces Caffe noix, Brif. Ore, 2: p. $9. N° 1-pl. sz figt i:
Buff. O1f..3. p: 122. .p). 7%
—— Pl. Enl. 50.
Nicifraga, Brif. Orn.
Notwecka, Notkraka. Faun. Suec. /p. 19.
Tannen-Heher (Pine Jay). Frifch. Tes
Danis Noddekrige. Norvegis. Not-kraake, Brunnich, 34.
Waldftarl, Steinheher, Aram. el. p. 334.
The Nutcracker is fo extremely rare in this Country, that Mr.
Pennant has added it to his Britith Zoology, in the third plate of
the Appendix of Vol. II. And as we are indebted to his authority
for afcertaining its being an Englifh {pecies, we have tran{cribed
his account of it.
«© The fpecimen we took our defcription from, is the only one
we ever heard was thot in thefe kingdoms: it was killed near
Moftyn, Flintlhire, Odtober §, 1753.”
«© Tt was fomewhat lefs than the Jackdaw: the bill ftrait, ftrong,
black : the colour of the whole head and neck, breaft and body, was
a rufty brown: the other parts marked with triangular white fpots:
the wings black: the coverts {potted in the fame manner as the
body : the tail rounded at the end, black, tipt with white : the vent-
33
CO)
feathers white: the legs duiky
Mr. Latham mentions a fecond inftance: he faw the mutilated’
{kin of one that was fhot in Kent.
It
PE Tyr LXxXx.
It appears from different authors, that this bird is moft frequent
in the pine forefts in Ruffia, Siberia, and Kamtfchatka: it is alfo
found in Germany, where it is more common than in any other part
of Europe, though it inhabits the mountainous parts of Sweden and
Denmark: it fometimes vifits France in flocks. Found alfo in
North America.
In its manners it is faid to greatly refemble the Jay. It feeds on
the kernels of the pine, wild berries, and infe&ts; and makes its
neft in the holes of trees.
Ege PLATE
7 ye. Sif Pe geet i,
it a
paid sale bar bias
ie at
“iy veld |
re ag
c
te
PLS TE CXC
SITTA EUROPAEA,
EUROPEAN NU TH AT CH.
P 3C.ae
Bill compreffed, convex.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Bill ftrait, triangular. Tongue fhort, horny at the end.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
ALUN D
SYNONYMS.
Upper part of the Head, Back, and Wing coverts bluifh grey.
A black ftroke through the Eye. Throat white. Breaft and Belly
dull orange. ‘Tail black and white.
Sitra Evrop#a: reCtricibus nigris: lateralibus quatuor infra
apicem albis. Linn. Syft. Nat. I. 15. §5. 1%.
edit. 10.
Picus cinereus, feu Sitta. Gefner av. 711. | ’
Nuruatcn, or Nuryosser. Will. Orn. p. 142. te 23
Raii Syn. Av. 47.
Pen. Br. Zool. 1. N° 89. pl. 38.
Lath. Gen. Syn. 2. 648. 1-—Suppl. 117.
| E 3 : Nut-
PL a Tee
NurTBREAKER. Albin. 2. pl. 28.
Wooncracker. Plot’s Oxfardfh. p. Lys:
Le grand Grimpereau, le Torchepot. Bélon. av. 304.
La Sittelle, ou le Torchepot. Buff: Oif. 5. p. 460. pl. 20.
SSP) Lig 089. Ff. 1.
Brif. Orn. 3. p. 588. No. 1. pl. 29.
Fo 3s
Blau fpecht. Frifch. t. 39.
Picchio grigio, Raparino. Zinan. 74.
Klener, Nuffzhacker.. Kram. 362.
Barlefs. Scopali, No. 57.
Notwacka, Notpacka, Faun. Suec. fp. 104.
Ziolo. Aldr. av. 1. 417.
The Nuthatch is a fmall bird: it weighs about one ounce, and
is five inches and three quarters in length. “The female differs
from the male only in fize; the weight feldom exceeding five or
fix drams.
Tt breeds in the hollows of trees, and lays fix or feven eggs, of
a dirty white colour, dotted with rufous ; thefe are depofited on the
rotten wood, mixed with a little mofs. If the entrance to the neft
is too large, it clofes up part of it with clay, leaving only a very
fmall hole to creep through. “The neft of this bird is feldom dif-
turbed, or the eggs taken away, when the female is fitting, for her
hiffing fo nearly refembles that of a fnake, that few would venture
to put their hands into the hole to fearch for them; and it is faid,
that the female will fuffer her feathers to be plucked off rather than
2 | defert
Pi) Eo UX x XT.
defert her eggs or young. The male alfo fhews the greateft tender-
nefs for them and its mate, during the time of incubation.
It feeds on all kinds of infe@ts, as well as nuts: of the latter, it
lays up a confiderable hoard in the hollows of trees, and brings
them out when other food is fearce. The manner of its cracking
the nut is curious, and has been noticed by feveral authors, and par-
ticularly Willoughby: he fays, ‘* It is a pretty fight to fee her fetch
a nut out of her hoard, when, placing it faft in a chink, fhe ftands
above it, with the head downwards, and, ftriking it with all her
force, breaks the fhell, and catches up the kernel.”
In its manners, it is not unlike the Woodpecker tribe. It is
not fuppofed to fleep perched; for, when confined in a cage, it
would creep into a corner at night to fleep. Dr. Plott fays, ‘* this
bird, by putting its bill into a crack in. the bough of a tree, can
make fuch a violent found as if it was rending afunder, fo that the
noife may be heard at leaft twelve {core yards.”
It is not migratory, but changes its fituation in winter. Pennant
obferves, that it makes a chattering noife in Autumn. Latham
fays, he has been informed, that.it has, at times, a whiftle like
that of a man.
E 4 PLATE
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Aaa RR aS Sgant fcintingte tat oer et
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\|
PLATE LXXXIl.
MOTACILLA PHOENICURUS.
RED S.-TvA,R Ti
PASSERES.
Bill conic, pointed. Noftrils oval, broad, naked.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Bill ftrait, lender. Tongue jagged.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Cheeks and throat black. Back bluith grey. Wings brown.
Breaft red.
MorTAcILLta PHOENICURUS: gula nigra, abdomine rufo, capite
dorfoque cano.—Fx. Sv. 224.—Linn. Syft. Nat. f.
187. 21. edit. 10.
Ruticilla, five Phoenicurus, (Sommerotele) Ge/n. av. 731.
REepsTART: - § Raii Syn. ~. 78. A. 5.
Will. Orn, 218.
Albin,
PwWAT FE xXx,
Albin, 1. pl. 50.
Penn. Br. Zool. 1. No. 146.
——— Arch. Zool.
0 GagtheGen, Sytis. Aor Ab.
Le Roffignol de Muraille, Brif: Orn. 3. p. 403. No. 15
Buff. Gif. 5s pe 170.—pl. 6. fy 2.
Sepa 35 1. fie. 1.2.
Codoroffo. Olina, 47.
Culo ranzo, Culo roffo. Kinan. 53.—Scap. No. 232.
Roditjert. Faun. Suec. /p. 357-
Norvegis Blod-fugl. Danis Roed-ftierts. Brunnich 280.
Schwartzkehlein (Black-throat) Frifch. 1. 19.
Waldrothfchweiffl. Kram. 376.
This pretty fpecies is very common in the fummer. It is migra-
tory; vifiting this country in the fpring, and departing again in
autumn; but does not leave the warmer parts of Europe fo early.
The neft is ufually made in the hollows of broken walls, or old trees:
it is compofed of mofs, with a lining of pent and feathers; and con-
tains four,’ fometimes five eggs, of a light blue colour; and in other
refpects refembling thofe of the Hedge Sparrow, except that they are
rather more elongated at the fmalleft end. This bird is fo very fhy
that if the eggs are only touched it forfakes the neft entirely.
The Redftart is rather fmaller than the Redbreaft ; meafuring about
five inches. The male is known by the chin, cheeks, and throat
being black: in the female the chin is white; and the red colour of |
the breaft is paler than in the male. It has one very peculiar habit,
when
Pa ae BE UXT.
when it fhakes its tail it does not move it up and down like the Wag-
tail, but horizontally, or fideways, like a Dog when he is fawning.
Its note is foft and pleafing; but it will not bear confinement in a
cage, unlefs when reared from neftlings, when it requires the fame
treatment as the Nightingale. In the wild ftate it feeds on every
kind of Infe&ts.
PLATE
oe
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PLATE LXXXIIL
V.UNX@TOROUILLD A.
COMMON WRYNECK.
Pic &.
Bill compreffed, convex.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Bill fhort, roundifh, pointed. Noftrils concave, naked. ‘Tongue
very long, cylindrical. “Iwo fore and two hind claws.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONT?TMS.
Whole plumage fine grey, with f{pecklings and undulated marks
of dark brown and black.
Jynx Torquitzta: Cuculus fubgrifeus maculatus, reCricibus ni-
gris faciis undulatus. &n. Sv. 78. ¢. 1. f. 78.
Linn. Syft. Nat. &. 112. §3. I. edit. 10.
Jynx five Torquilla. Rai Syn. p. 44. A. 8.
Jynx. Gefner av. §73>— ;
The Wryneck. Will. Orn. p. 138. f. 32.
Albin. 1. pl. 21.
Pen. Br. Zool. N° 83.
Lath, Gen, Syn, 2. 548.
The
P dgA T E , LXXRTT
The Emmet Hunter. Charlton ex. 93.
Le Torcol. Bréf. Orn. 4. p.4. pl. t. f. i.
Buff. Oif. 7. p. 84. pl. 3.
—— Pi. enl. 698.
Le Tercou, Torcou, ou Tarcot. Belon av. 306.
Dreh-hals. Frifch. t. 38.
Collotorto, Verticella. Zznan. 72.
Gjoktyta. Faun. Suec. fp. 97-
Bende-Hals. Sr. 37.
Natterwindl, Wendhalfs. Kramer, p. 336.
Ifhudefch. Scop. N° 50.
The Wryneck is the only fpecies of the genus (Yunx) yet defcribed
by any author; and feems to have given Linnezus fome trouble to
determine to what genus he fhould affign it; for though it has the
tongue of the Woodpecker, as well as the fituation of the toes, the bill
is too weak for that genus. Linnzus, in the former edition of the
Fauna Suecica, placed it with the Cuckow ; but it appears to be the
opinion of later naturalifts that it fhould form a diftin@ genus, his
new genus haying been generally adopted. The Fyngi Congener* of
Aldravendus is certainly no other than a variety.
The colours are altogether very plain, but are fo beautifully varied
and pencilled, that, as Mr. Pennant obferves, Nature has made ample
amends for their want of fplendor. ‘The colours are paler in the
female than the male.
* Le Torcol rayé of Brifone
This
PLATE LXXXIIL
This bird builds in hollow trees: Latham fays they make no neft,
but lay the eggs on the bare rotten wood. Pennant fays it makes the
neft of dry grafs. The eggs, according to Buffon, are as white as
ivory ; and Pennant adds, that they are fo thin that the yolk may be
feen through them. The number of eggs feldom exceed nine.
The Wryneck is fuppofed to be a Bird of paflage, appearing in the
{pring eight or ten days earlier than the Cuckow. It feeds on InfeGs,
and feems particularly fond of Ants; thefe the extreme length of the
tongue enables it to pick out of the cracks where they are
concealed. It takes its name from a habit it has of turning its head
back to the fhoulders when alarmed or terrified: it can alfo erect
the feathers of the head like thofe of a Jay.—Weight of this Bird is
one ounce and a quarter: length feven inches: breadth eleven.
This Bird is found throughout Exrope, and in many other parts of
the world.
PLATE
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PLATE LXXXIV.
FAw-IUS RUFUS.
WOOD CHAT.
ACCIPITRES.
‘Birds of prey. Bill and claws ftrong, hooked. An angle in each
margin of the upper mandible. Females larger and more beautiful
than the males.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Bill hooked towards the end, with a notch in the upper mandible.
Tongue jagged.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Head and hind part of the neck bright bay. A black line through
the eyes pafling round to the breaft. Wing brown: fcapulars white.
Throat, breaft and belly dirty white. vail dark brown; two exterior
feathers partly white.
Ampelis Dorfo grifeo, macula ad aures longitudinali. Fn. Succ.
edit. ima. No. 180. t. 2. fem.
Lanius minor cinerafcens, &c. Raii Syn. p. 19. Ay 6.
Ampelis 3tia. Kram. Elench. p. 363.
Another fort of Butcher-bird. W2/l, Orn. p..89. §- de
3 F Wood
PLA ASG CLARY.
Wood Chat. Penn. Br. Zool. N° 73.
-——— Lath. Gen. Syn. 1. p. 169. 17.
Lanius rufus. Suppl. p. 282.
La Pie-griefche roufle. Brif. Orn. 2. p. 147. N° 3.
Buff. Oif. 1. p. 301.
—— Pl.enl. 9. fi 2. the male.— 31. f. 1. the
Jemale.
Kleiner Neun-toder. Frifch. pl. 61. male and female.
———
We have only three fpecies of Butcher-birds, or Shrikes, in this
country : the Great, Red-backed, and Wood Chat, The firft is very
fcarce: the fecond is not common; and the laft is extremely rare:
fo that we have little opportunity to notice the fingular manners of this
tribe. Nature feems to have allotted more than an ordinary fhare of
courage to thefe little creatures: they equal the eagle in the fiercenefs
of their attacks on fmaller birds, and defend themfelyes againft thofe
they cannot overcome with the greateft vigour and refolution.
Though in this re{pect they imitate the larger carnivorous birds, they
have not, like them, claws {trong enough to tear their prey to pieces,
but, to fupply this defedt, they faften it on a thorn and pull it afunder
with their bill. Even when confined ina cage, it is faid that they
treat their food in a fimilar manner, fticking it againft the wires be-
fore they eat it.
We now fpeak of the manners generally peculiar to the tribe:
how far thofe of the Wood Chat accord with them, we Gat only
_ prefume from being of the fame genus; no Englifh naturalift having
vet been fo fortunate as to meet with it fince Willoughby and Ray.
Pennant
7 Ge ES LAX.
Pennant has not given a figure of it in the Britifh Zoology ; and it is
a fact well known, that both Lewin and Walcot have given figures
of it drawn from mere defcriptions: this is the more to be regretted
as no fpecimen of it was either in the Leverian or Britifh Mufeums:;
and that eminent ornithologift, Mr. Latham, with his accuftomed
candour acknowledges, in his account of it, that he has never feen it,
6¢ Mr. Pennant,” fays he, ‘ does not defcribe this bird from his own
infpection ; and I muft confefs that it has never come under mine.” —
He alfo, fays Buffon, does not {peak of it as uncommon, but
gives it, as his opinion, that the red-backed Shrike is a variety of this
{pecies, as well as fome other kinds he mentions; and adds, that
from his own obfervation he cannot deny the fact. We have com-
pared them, and do not hefitate to give them as two diftinct fpecies.
It is only the male bird that we have in our poffeffion. "We mutt
own ourfelves indebted for the following defcription of the female to
Pennant and Latham; nor are we certain that our {pecimen was fhot
in England, but rather fufpect that it came from Germany.—The
length is feven inches and three quarters. The female differs from
the male: the upper part of the head, neck and body are reddifh,
{triated tranfverfely with brown: the lower parts of the body are of
a dirty white, rayed with brown, marked near the end with dufky,
and tipped with red,
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- FRINGILLA MONTIFRINGILLA.
BRAMBLING.
PASSERES.
Bill conic, pointed. Noftrils oval, broad, naked.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Bill ftrong, conic, ftrait, fharp.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Head, back of the neck, back, black, margins of the feathers
rufous brown. Throat, forepart of the neck, and breaft, pale reddifh
orange. Belly white. Wing: leffer coverts rufous pale. Quills
brown with yellow edges.
\
MoNTIFRINGILLA: alarum bafi fubtus flaviffima. Fx. Sv. 198.
t, 2. f. 198.—Linn. fit. Nat. 1.79. 3. edit. 10.
Montifringilla montana. Gefner av. 388.
Bramble or Brambling. Will. Orn, 254.
| G Mountain
PLATE OL ey.
Mountain-finch. Raz. /yn. av. 88.
Brambling. Penn. Br. Zool. 126.
Lath. Gen. fyn. 3. 26%.
Le Montain. Selon. av. 372.
Le Pincon d’ardennes. Brif. av. 3. 155.
PI. enl. 54. fi. 2
Pinofch. Scop. N° 218.
Queker, Bofinkins, Hore-Unge, Akerlan. Brunn. 255.
Nioowitz ; Mecker, Piencken. Kram. 367.
Bergfinck (Mountain finch). Fri/ch. 1. 3.
This is not a very common bird in England. It is of the migra-
tory kind and never builds here: is fometimes feen in large flocks,
or in company with the Chaffinches. The colours of the female
are not fo bright as in the male: in fome fpecimens of the latter the
throat is black. Length rather exceeds fix inches. They are found
in vaft abundance in France according to Buffon; and are faid to
breed about Luxemburg, making the neft on the tall fir-trees, com-
pofed of long mofs without, and lined with wool and feathers within.
The eggs.are four or five in number, yellowifh, and fpotted: the
young are fledged at the end of May. They are alfo found in the
Pine forefts of Ruffia and Siberia. :
PLATE
ane i tbr
List ‘ Nees
sty
r ‘ : a ) iy 4
Pinter iuilpasbensae
be)
—
Pipe kB lL XA XVI.
MOTACILLA SYLVIA?
LESSER WHITE THROAT.
PASSERES.
Bill conic, pointed. Noftrils oval, broad, naked.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Bill ftrong, conic, ftrait, fharp.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Above pale cinereous brown. Beneath whites ‘Tail brown: out-
fide feather half white, fecond white at the end.
MoracILLa SyLViAa: fupra cinerea, fubtus alba, re€trice prima.
longitudinaliter dimidiato alba, fecunda apice
alba. fn. Sv. 228.—Linn. Syft. Nat. 1. 185. 9-
edit. 108
Lesser WHITE THroat. Lath. Suppl. n. 186.
This fpecies has not been defcribed by Pennant in his Britifh
Zoology, nor is it certain that any preceding author has noticed it
as a Britifh fpecies. The Rev. Mr. Lightfoot found it near Bu//rode,
G 2 in
PLATE DAxxie
in Buckinghamfhire, in May and June, and it is from a fpecimert
found by him, and prefented to the late Duchefs of Portland, that
our figure is taken. The neft on which the bird is placed is com-
pofed of dry bents mixed with wool, and lined with a few hairs of
fome animal, probably of a Cow. ‘There is at prefent only one egg
in the neft*; it is cf a pale colour, with {mall irregular fpots of
brown.
It was the opinion of Mr. Latham, to whofe infpeGtion Mr. Light-
foot fubmitted this bird, that it was perhaps the AZctacilla Sylvia of
Linnzus; or that certainly it differed very little from it. Mr. Pennant
nlfo feems undetermined whether the White Throat was the J.
Sylvia of Linnzus ; though Berkenhout t gives it as that fpecies
without hefitation.’ The opinion of Mr. Latham is of the moft
importance ; and, if it does not pofitively comfirm our bird being the
true J. Sylvia of Linnaeus it proves, at lealt, that the White Throat
is not that bird as has been generally fuppofed f. |
-The male arid female are very much alike. The fize is that of
the Yellow Wren, length lefs than five inches.
* Mr. Latham fays there were three in that which came under his infpectien.
t+ Outlines of Nat. Hift.
t “ That Linnzus’s bird is not our White Throat, I believe is manifeft, both from
fize and colours. ‘Phat author exprefsly fays, that the fize fcarcely exceeds that of the
Yellow Wren, and that it bears great affinity to the Sedge Bird. But that the bird in
queftion is neither the Yellow Wren, nor Sedge Bird, 1 am clear, as I have all the three
before me.”
Lath. Suppl. Gen. Syn. 1. 186.
We
\
‘ LAT EB LAX
We have quoted the fpecific definition of AZ Sylua for this bird
with diffidence, for it clearly appears that the tail in our fpecimen
does not exactly agree with his character of that bird.
G3 PLATE
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LANIUS EXCUBITOR.
GREAYF 54.R.MKE.
ACCIPITRES.
Birds of prey. Bill and claws ftrong, hooked. An angle in each
margin of the upper mandible. Body mufcular. Females larger
and more beautiful than the males.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Bill hooked at the end. A notch in the upper mandible. Tongue
jagged.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Crown and back afh colour. Underfide white. A black mark
paffes through the eye. Wings black with a white ftripe. ‘Tail
wedge fhaped, black in the middle, white on the fides.
Lanius ExcusiTor: cauda cuneiformi lateribus alba, dorfo cano,
alis nigris macula alba. Linn. Sy/t. Nat. I. p.
Q4. 2. edit. Lo. :
Sepp. Vog. pl. in. p. 121.
Faun. Arag. p. 71.
G 4 | Lanius
Po ACT, ES Exe
Lanius Cinereus. Gefn. av. 579.
Lanius Cinereus, Collurio major. Aldr. av. Yr. 199.
Great Surixe. Penn. Br. Zool. 33. N° 71.
Lath. Gen. Syn. 1. 160. 4.
Suppl. 51. 1.
Caiefby Carolin. app. p. 36. }
Greater Butcher Bird, or Mattagefs, Raii. Syn. p. 18. 4. 3.
Will. Orn. p. 87. pl. 10.
Albins 2. pl..13:
Butcher Bird, Murdering Bird, or Shreek, Mer. Pinax, 170.
Night Jar. Mort. Northampt. 424. |
La Pie-griefche grife, Brif. Orn. 2. p. 141. N° 1.
Buff Gif. p. 1. 296. pl. 20.
—— Pl, enl. 445.
Shrike Myn Murder. Turneri.
Caftrica, Ragaftola. Olina, 41.
Speralfter, Grigelalfter, Newntotder. Kram. 364,
Warfogel. Faun. Suec. 80.
Velch Skrakoper. Scopoli, N° 18.
Berg-Aelfter, or Groffer Neuntodter. Frifch. 1. 59.
The Great Cinereous Shrike is uncommon in England. It is of
the migratory kind, coming in May and departing in September.
We learn from Buffon that it is not fcarce in France. It is found
ia Germany, Ruffia, and North America. In Ruffia it is trained to
catch {mall birds; and the peafants value it becaufe they believe that
it deftroys the rats, mice, and other vermin.
The
Pea bE RARE
The favage peculiarities of this carnivorous tribe of birds have
been already noticed in the account of the Wood Chat and Red-Back
Shrike: it is only neceflary to add that this is the largeft kind found
in this country, and is inferior to very few from foreign countries
either in fize or courage. Its conflicts with larger birds are fome-
times fevere; but the fmaller kinds it feizes by the throat and
firangles: from this circumftance it is called, in Germany, the
, Wearchangel, or Suffocating Angel.—The female differs from the
male chiefly in the colour and markings of the breaft, that part
being of a dufky white, and marked with a number of tranfverfe,
femicircular brown lines. She lays fix eggs, of a dull olive colour,
{potted at the thickeft end with black. The neft 1s compofed of
heath and mofs, lined with wool. In North America, at Hudfon’s
Bay, it is faid to build its neft half way up a Pine, or Juniper-tree,
in Apmnil, and that the hen fits fifteen days*.
FR Rn at a en prt re a en nm
* Lath. Suppl. 5%.
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PEATE LAXAXVNE
FRINGILLA MONTANA.
MOUNTAIN, or TREE SPARROW.
PASSERES.
Bill conic, pointed, Noftrils oval, broad, naked.
GENERIC CHARACTER,
Bill ftrong, conic, ftrait, fharp.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Head, back, wings, tail, brown. Underfide of the body white,
two bars of white acrofs the wing, fide of the neck white. Spot
under the throat black.
FrRinGILLA Monrana: remigious rectricibufque fufcis, corpore
grifeo nigroque, alarum fafcia alba gemina. Lin.
! Syft. Nat. 1. b. 183. 28. edit. 10.
Tree Sparrow. Pen. Br. Zail. 1. 339- 128.
| Ar&. Zool. 2. 246.
TREE Fincu. Lath. Gen. Sym. 3» p. 252. Yan de
) ; Le
PLAT EEA:
Le Moineau de Montagne, Pafler Montanus. £riff! Orn. 3. 79.
Paffere Montano. Zunan. 81.
Skov-Spurre. Brun. 267.
Feldfpatz, Rohrfpatz. Kram. 370.
Frifch. 1. 1.
Grabetz. Scopoli, N° 220.
omer
This is rather fmaller than the Houle Sparrow. The female is
duller in colour than the male; and has not the black marks on the
fide of the head and throat In fome fpecimens the brown colour is
more intermixed with black, or dark thades, than our bird; this
change of colour has been often noticed in the Houfe Sparrow,
which is fometimes quite black.
We muft confider this as a ocal {pecies ; common in Lancafhire,
Lincolnfbire, and York/bire only, n this country. It is very common
in many parts of Europe: in Siveria it is more common than the
Houfe Sparrow. It frequents trees, and, according to Sepp, builds
its neftin a hollow. It is compofed of ents, mixed with feathers ;
and contains five eggs of a pale biown, with fpots of a darker colour.
Albin fearcely knew this fpecies, from which we may infer, tha;
it has feldom been taken near the netropolis; he fays, <¢ This bird
delights in mountainous woody places, not frequented. It was fhot
by a gentleman in the country, and fent in a letter to me, by the
name oi the Mountain Sparrow.” Vol. III. p. 62. .
PLATE
ew i
ZANE
PLATE UCXXXiX,
TETRAO UROGALLUS.
COCK OF THE WOOD,
| OR
WOOD GROUS.
GALLINZA,
Bill convex: the upper mandible arched. ‘Toes connected by a
membrane at the bottom. ‘Tail feathers more than twelve.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
A bare {carlet {pot above the eye.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Head and neck grey, with black lines. Breaft green. Belly dark
brown, with a few white fpots. A white fpot at the fetting on of
the wing. Legs feathered to the toes.
Terrao Urocattus: pedibus hirfutis, rectricibus exterioribus
fubbrevioribus axillis albis. Fx. Sv. Lin. Sy/t.
Nat. 1. 159. I. |
Urogallus major (male). Grygallus major (female). Gefn. av. 490. 495:
Gallo.
PLAT © Uxxxim,
Gallo cedrone, Urogallus five Tetrao. Aldr. av. 2. 29.
“Gallo alpeftre, Tetrax. Nemefiani (fem.) Aldr. av. 2. 33s
* Pavo Sylveltris. Guzrald. Topogr. Hibern, 706.
Cock of the Wood. Rai Syn. p. 53.
Wood Grous. A. I.
Will, Orn. p. 172. ple 30.
Penn. Br. Zool. 1. 92. pl 40. 4X.
Arét. Zool,
Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 729. 1.
Mountain Cock and Hen. Albin. 2. pl. 29. 30.
Le Coq ou le Tetras, Buff. Oi/. 2. p. 191. pl. 5.
| ; Pl. enl. 73. 74.
Le Coq de Bruyére. Brif. Orn. 1. p. 182. 1.
Le Coc de bois ou Faifan bruyant. Belon. av. 249.
Kjader. Faun. Suec. Sp. 200.
Aurhan. Kram. 356.
Auerhahn. Frifch. 1. 107. 108.
Devi peteln. Scopolt, N° 169.
Capricalca. Sib. Scot. 16. tab. 14. 18.
conc rer aa TE Be eS LTE LEL EDIE SOLE ADEA
This noble bird was formerly an inhabitant of the woody and
mountainous parts of Scotland} and Irelandt. At this time it ts
fuppofed to be extinG in Ireland; and in Scotland is found only in
the Highlands north of Invernefs§. Mr. Latham fays, the laft bird
* Peacock of the Woods, from its fine fhining green breatt.
+ Boethicus.—Defer. Regni Scotia.
+ Giraldus Cambrienfis. Topogr. Hiberne 706.
§ Rofsfhire. Sutherlandfhire,
of
PU AIT Eo EXXxix:
of this kind found in Scotland was in Chicholm’s great foreft, in
Strathglafs.
Albin gave a figure of it in his Ornithology, publithed fixty years
fince, and then he feems not to have known that it was a Britifh
fpecies ; he calls it the Mountain Cock from Mufcovy. From this
we may infer that the breed was nearly extirpated half a century ago.
According to moft authors it thrives beft in cold countries. It is
found in Italy, but only in the higher regions, where the air is bleak.
In Ruffia it is not uncommon, particularly in the Afiatic part of
that empire. “There is a variety of this fpecies much fmaller than
the common fort, which is probably owing to-the fevere cold of the
climate in which it lives, being found in Lapland and Norway, the
fartheft extreme of Europe towards the Icy Sea.
The male of this fpecies is two feet nine inches in length, breadth
four feet, and is as large as a Turkey*. ‘The female is fmallery
twenty fix inches in length. The bill is dufky, throat red, neck
and back marked with tranfverfe bars of red and black: a few white
fpots on the breaft, the lower part of an orange colour, belly barred
with pale orange and black, the tips of the feathers white; the fea-
thers of the back and fcapulars black, the edges mottled with black
and pale reddifh brown: the fcapulars tipped with white, the inner
webs of the quills dufky; the exterior mottled with pale brown: the
tail of a deep ruft colour, barred with black and tipped with white.
* In Scotland it is known by the name of Capercalze, Aver-calze, and in the old
law books Caperkally : the laft fignifying the borfe of the woods. In Germany it is
galled Aur-han, or Urus, Wild Ox Cock.—-Pennant.
Thefe
Pb ACT Ey GXXXDe
‘Thefe birds feed on many kinds of plants, and particularly on the
tender fhoots and feeds of the Pine and Fir trees, which are in the
greateft plenty in the forefts they frequent. “The males never affociate
with the females, except from the beginning of February till the end |
of March: when the male perches on a tree, with his tail fpread,
the quills lowered to the feet, the neck protruded, and the feathers
of the head ruffled. In this pofture it makes a loud and fhrill noife,
like the whetting of a fcythe, and this it repeats till the females dif-
cover its haunts. They lay from eight to fixteen eggs, of a white
colour, fpotted with yellow, and larger than thofe of the common
hen: thefe are depofited upon mofs, on the ground*. The females
only, fit the whole time of incubation, and cover the eggs with dry
leaves when fhe is compelled to leave them. The young run after
the mother as foon as hatched.
The flefh of the Wood Grous is much efteemed, except when it
feeds on the berries of Juniper which communicates a very unpleafant
tafte to it.
* Mr. Latham fays of the laft bird of this kind fhot in Scotland, 6 I am well in-
formed that the neft was placed on a Scotch Pine.”
PLATE
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PL a orge xc.
STRIX PASSERINA.
LITTLE OWL.
ACCIPITRES.
*
Birds of prey. Bill and claws ftrong, hooked, an angle in each
margin of the upper mandible. Body mufcular, Females larger
and more beautiful than the males. *
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Bill “fhort, hooked, without cere. Head large. , A broad difk
furrounding each eye. Legs feathered to the toes. ‘Tongue bifid.
Fly by night.
SPECIFIG CHARACTER
AND
va 0 nym S.
Head fc, Giroular feathers on the face white tipped with
black. Head, aoe and wing coverts, brown with white {pots.
Underfide white {potted with brown.
Srrix PassERINA: capite levi, remigibus albis: maculis quinque
ordinum. Lyz. Syft. Nat. 1. p.93, 11. edit. 10.
H Noctua
PLAT: # xc.
Noétua Minor. Rait. Syn. p. 26. N° 6.
Little Owl. Penn. Br. Zool. N° 70.
oh Lath. Gen. Syn. 1. p. 150. 40.
Suppl. p. 48. 40. —
Will. Orn. 108.
Edw. Glean. t. 28.
Albin. 2. t. 12.
‘La Cheveche. Belon. av. 140.
La petite Chouette. Brif. Orn. 1. p. 514. N° §,
Buff, Ofo 1sp.. 397. t. 286
——— Pl. enl. 439.
Klein fte Kautzlein. Frifch. ¢. 100.
Tichiavitt. Kram. 324.
La Civetta. Olina 65. ae
Scop. N° 17.
Krak-Ugle. Brunnich, 20.
The Little Cwl appears to be no where a common bird ; in thjs
country it is fcarce, and in France, Buffon informs us, it is alfo
rare. Itis very feldom found in the woods, which others of the
fame tribe inhabit, but frequents ruined edifices, caverns in rocks,
and other fuch gloomy and folitary places. It lays five eggs, {potted
with white and a yellowifh colour. In England it has been chiefly
found in Yorkfhire and Flintfhire. _
This bird feems liable to much variation in colour. Buffon men-
tions one from St. Domingo which had lefs white on the throat, and
brown
PE ATE OX
brown bands on the breaft inftead of longitudinal {pots ; and another
variety from Germany, with the plumage darker than ufual and
black irides. Frifch has a figure of this bird with irides of a dark
blue colour. The length of this fpecies is eight inches. Albin’s
‘figure is quoted in the Synonyms, but it is much more flender in
jts form than our f{pecimen.
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PLA. E .xXCL
FALCO SUBBUTEO.
HOBBY.
a ACCIPITRES.
Birds of prey. Bill and claws ftrong, hooked. An angle in each
margin of the upper mandible. Body mufcular. Females larger
and more beautiful than the males.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Bill arched from the bafe, which is covered with a wax-like mem-
pe” ieee
brane, or cere. ae
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
sae” a ND
SYNONYMS.
Cere yellow. Back brown. Back of the head white. Body pale
with oblong brown fpots. Legs yellow. —
Fatco Sugsurezo: cera pedibufque flavis, dorfo fufco, nucha albo,
abdomine pallido maculis oblongis fufcis.—Linn.
Syft. Nat. I. p. 89. 12. edit. 10.
Dendre Falco, Rati. Syn. p.14. No.8.
Heer Subbuteo, p. 15. No. 14.
I wena.) S ABGilon,
Py LA aE ey
fEfalon, Aldr. av. [. 187.
THe Hozgsy. Vill. Orn. p. 83.
Penn. Br. Zool. No. 61.
Ar&. Zool. 2. fp. 227 Os
Lath. Gen. Syn. I. p. 103. 90.
——~ Suppl. p. 28. 90«
Le Hobreau, Brif. Orn. 1. p. 375. Ne. 20.
Buff. Oif. : B. 2a 7 ita Le.
Belon. av. 118.
Stein Falck. Frifch. t. 86.
Laerke-Falk. Brunn. Lo. 11.
The Hobby is found in the temperate parts of Europe. It was
antiently ufed in falconry in this country, particularly in daring of
Larks and other {mall birds. It is faid, that the Larks never venture
to take their flight in fight of this bird; but that if it hovers over
them, they mall remain motionlefs on the ground while the fowler
draws a net over them.
We find on comparing the different defcriptions given by authors of ©
this bird, with fpecimens that have fallen under our obfervation, that few
birds vary more, in the colours of their plumage, than the Hobby: in
fome the back is reddifh, or deep brown; in others almoft black witha
bluifh caft. Again, we find fome with the back throughout of a.
very deep lead colour; and others with the edges of the feathers of a
pale yellow-brown. The breaft is generally of a pure white with
dark {pots ; but thefe alfo vary: the white is tinged with a faint dirty~
brown in fome; and the {pots incline to brown, inftead of black, in
others. The irides are brown of every fhade in different birds:
one
PLA tT HE XCEL
one author * fays they are yellow. Some of thefe variations, we moft
prefume, depend on the age of the bird; but one circumftance has
been noticed in adult fpecimens that deferves particular notice,
the vent and thighs, which are generally ferruginous or rufous, are
fometimes white. Mr. Latham, fpeaking of this variation, fays he
has a fpecimen, in which the thighs are dufky white, longitudinally
marked with brown; and the vent of a plain white: one of our
fpecimens alfo precifely agrees with this account.
The length of the male bird is twelve inches, breadth two feet and
three inches, weight feven ounces: the female is larger.
& M. » Briffone
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MOTACILLA RUBICOLA.
STONE.CHAAT.
PASSERES.
Bill conic, pointed. Noftrils oval, broad, naked.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Bill ftrait, flender. “Tongue jagged.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYM S.-
Breaft reddifh. Head black. A broad white mark on the wing ;
and another on the fide of the neck.
Sytvia Rusicora: grifea fubtus rufefcens, jugulo fafcia alba,
loris nigris, uropygio maculaque alarum
alba. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. p. 523+ 49-
Moracitia Rusicota. Linn. Syft. Nat. 1. p. 232. No 17. edit.
3 Kram. el. 375.
Scop. Ann. I, No. 236.
~Rubetra. § Aldr. av. 2. 325.
StToneE-CHATTER. Penn. Br. Zool. t. No. 159.
I3 STONE«
PIA Eo eee,
Srone-Cuat. Lath. Gen. fyn. 4. p. 448. 46.
Stone-Smith, Stone-Chatter, Moor-Titling, Rai. Syn. p. 76. A. 4,
Will. Orn. p. 235. pl. 41.
Albin. 1. pl. §2.
Le Traquet. Briff: Orn. 3- p. 428. No. 25. pl. 23. f. I. (male),
Buff. Oif. 5. p. 215. pl. 13. | |
Pi. enl. 678. f. 1.
Le Traquet ou Groulard, Belon. av. 360.
Pontza. Scopoli, No. 236.
Occhio dibue. Zznan. 52.
Criftofl. Kram. 375.
saints RECO SNS ies SUA oan
The Stone-Chat is a conftant inhabitant of this country. In Sum-
mer it frequents heaths and commons: in Winter it retires to the
marfhes, being the only places in which its favourite food, Infedts,
is found in abundance.
The length of this bird is four inches and three quarters. “The
head of the female is ferruginous colour {potted with black : that of
the male is entirely black: they differ very little in other refpects,
except that the colours of the former are more obfcure aay in the
other fex.
Moft authors agree that this 1s a noify and reftlefs creature, incef-
fantly flying from bufh to bufh, and always carefully concealing the
place where its neft is depofited; never alighting on the fame fpot,
but creeping to it on the ground in an artful manner. The neft is
placed at the bottom of fome bufh, or under sihaie and ufually con-
tains five or fix eggs, of a pale greenifh colour with marks of
rufous.
be
Pee FE ORE
The trivial Englifh name of this bird has been accounted for by
Mr. Latham in a very curious manner; he fays, he cannot find it
remarked any where for its having any fong. Buffon compares its
note to the word ouz/frata frequently repeated ; but he has ever thought
it exactly imitated the clicking of two {tones together, one being held
in each hand. If others, fays he, have thought the fame, it will
eafily account for the reafon of its being called the Svane-Chatier.
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ANAS /EGYPTIACA.
EGYPTIAN GOOSE.
ANSERES.
Bill obtufe, covered with a thin membrane, broad, gibbous below
the bafe, {welled at the apex. Tongue flefhy. Legs naked. Feet |
webbed or finned.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Bill convex above, flat ‘beneath, hooked at the apex, with mem-
‘branous teeth. )
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
: AND
—SYNONITMS.
Bill fomewhat cylindrical. Body waved and fpeckled with brown.
Pe? pet of the wing spies lower part brown; a black ftripe
ana. Rovertaca: roftro fubcylindrico, corpore undulata, vertice
2 albo, fpeculo alari candido fafcia | nigra. Lath.
Ind. Orn. 2. p. 840. 21. |
Egyptian Goole. ae Gen. Syn. 6. p. 453. 16.
Gambo Goofe, Will. Orn. pl. 71- :
The Ganfer, Alin. 2 pl. 93-
L’Oye d’Egypte, Brif. Orn. 6. p. 284. 9. pl. 27.
- Buff: Oif. 9. p. 79. pl. 4.
eae P], enl. 379. 982. 983. .
3 | Mr.
PLAT £2 eee
Mr. Latham has given this {pecies a place in his lift of the Birds of
Great Britain; and we cannot furely incur difapprobation by follow-
ing his example. If the authority of Mr. Latham is unfupported by
the opinion of Mr. Pennant, we muff recollect that the Zoology of
the latter author appeared many years before the Synopfis of Mr.
Latham ; and probably the fpecies was not fo generally diffufed and
domefticated in this country before the Britifh Zoology was publifhed,
as fince that period. It is impoffible that we can account otherwife-
for what reafon he excluded it, fince he has given the Peacock, Phea-
fant, Guinea Hen, and other domefticated Birds of foreign extraction,
which certainly had no better claim to his attention, in that work,
than the beautiful Bird before us.
This f{pecies is a native of Africa, particularly of the Cape of
Good Hope: from the latter place vaft numbers have been brought
~ to this country ; and the climate favouring their increafe, the kind is
not uncommon in many parts of the kingdom. It is rather an or-
namental than ufeful {pecies, and is generally kept in Gentlemen’s
ponds for pleafure.
Albin publifhed a figure and defcription of this Bird from a fpeci-
men reared in this country fixty years ago: he fays it fed on grafs
and corn like other Geefe, and thus concludes his obfervations on the
two fexes, ‘‘ The difference between the cock and hen could not:
be diftinguifhed neither by the colours or fhape, but only by the
cock’s running to the hen with open wings, clafping or embracing
her round with them. I could not find any other name for them
from the Poulterers but that of Ganfer. This bird comes neareft to
Mr. Willoughby’s Gambo Goofe, the fpan in the wings excepted, page
360. tab. 71.°—Vide Albin. vol. ii. p. 84.”
PLATS
i i) } s
mH
PLATE XCIV.
FALCO FESALON.
__ MERLIN.
ACCIPITRES.
Birds of prey. Bill and claws ftrong, hooked, an angle in each
margin of the upper mandible. Body mufcular. Females larger and
more beautiful than the males.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Bill arched from the bafe, which is covered with a wax-like cere
_ or membrane.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS,
Cere yellow. Head ferruginous. Body, above bluifh. Cinereous
fpotted and {triped with ferruginous : beneath oe with oblong
fpots, Legs yellow.
Fatco AXsALon: cera pedibufque flavis, capite ferrugineo, corpore
se fupra cerules cente-cinereo maculis ftrii{que fer-
rugineis, fubtus flavicante-albo maculis oblongis.
Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. p. 49. “i
fifalon. Bellon. & Aldr.
| Rai. Syn. pers. No. 15.
Meruin. Will. Orn. p. 85. 63.
| Penn. Br. Zool. No. 63.
Lath. Gen. Syn. V. I. p. 106. 93.
L’Emerillon
PLAT? wom,
L’Emerillon, Brif. Orn. 1. p. 382. No. 23.
Belon. av. 118.
Kleinfte rothe-falck, Frifch. t. 89.
eee seen YE SR
Mr. Pennant, and other writers on the Zoology of this country,
{uppofed the Merlin never bred here, till Dr. Heyfham met with two
nefts in Cumberland: they were placed on the ground like that of the
Ringtail ; and in each were four young. The egg, formerly in the
Portland Mufeum, was of an uniform purplifh brown colour, round-
ifh, and one inch and a quarter in length. ‘The Merlin appears
‘in England when the Hobby difappears, which happens in O@tober.
This fpecies, like the Hobby, feems to vary exceedingly in colour
in different fpecimens ; in fome the back and wings are bluifh afh-
colour *, in others ferruginous: the bars of clay-colour and dufky on
the tail, are from thirteen to fifteen in moft birds; but Mr. Pennant
fays, one he examined had only eight; our fpecimen has twelve bars
acrofs.
~The length of the Merlin is twelve inches: though {mall, it was
formerly trained for hawking, particularly for taking partridges,
which fome authors fay, it could kill by a fingle ftroke on the neck.
The Merlin flies low, frequents the fides of roads, and fkims from
one part to another in fearch of prey. It is defcribed as a bird
wanting neither cunning nor fpirit. It is at this time very fcarce in
England, and feems to be uncommon in every part of Europe.
* A fpecimen in the Leverian Mufeum anfwers to this defcription.
PLATE
) AY il
PLATE XCV.
Cen VUS PLC A.
MAG Pik. -
Pica.
Bill comprefied, convex.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Bill ftrong, conic with briftles refleéted from the bafe downwards.
Tongue bifid.
~
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNO vr MS.
Varied with black and white. ‘Tail thaped like a wedge.
Corvus Pica: albo nigroque varius, cauda cuneiformi. Linn.
Sy fi. Nat. 1. p. 106. 48. No. 10. edit. 10s
Scop. ann. 1. p. 38. No. 41.
Pica varia et caudata. Gefn. av. 695.
Magpie or Pianet. Raii. Syn. p. 41. A. 1.
: Will. Ora. p. 127. p. 19.
Albin. 1, pl. 15.
Pen. Br. Zool. 1. Na. 78.
Lath. Gen. Syn, kul: p- 392+ 29.
La
PLA Pe Rey.
La Pie. Brif. Orn. 2. p.35. No. 1.
Buff. Oif. 3. p. 85. pl. 70
PI. enl. 488.
Aelfter. Frifch. t. 58.
“Kram. el. P3356
Guzza, Putta, Zinan. 66.
Skata, Skiura, Skara, Faun. Suec. fp. 92.
Danis Skade, Huus Skade. Norv.
Skior. Tunfugl. Brunnich; 32.
Praka. Scop. Ne. 38:
SO: i
The beautiful combination of vivid gloffes with which the plumage
of this common bitd is enriched, has been fo little attended to in:
paintings of it, that we are afraid we fhall be accufed of flattering its
appearance, bya gaudy introduétion of unnatural tints in the annexed
figure: to avoid fuch imputation we have ftridtly obferved, and ac-
curately exprefled the colours from a fpecimen, in our colleétion,
that had been taken in a ftate of nature. We are aware that the
colours will vary in different fpecimens of every fpecies, but by cor-
rectly reprefenting one that is perfect, it will convey a better idea of
the bird than any of the ‘mutilated creatures kept in ‘cages fot
amufement.
The tail of the Magpie is particularly remarkable : its colours are
more fplendid than any other part of the bird: its form is like a
wedge; the two middle feathers eleven inches long, the reft decreafe
gradually, the outermoft being only five inches and an half. The
principal colour produced by reflection on the black part of the body
is fine blue, or purple; the firft tint is very vivid on the wings. The
fineft
ren PE REV.
fineft green is the predominant colour of the tail, which changes in
‘the folds to reddith yellow, with a. gilded hue, fine brown, blue,
purple, and fhades of gloffy black throughout. "Thefe colours cannot
be feen at a diftance, becaufe they are produced only by the light
- falling in a particular direCtion, and all the bright gloffes affimilate
with the blacker hues when the bird is removed far from the eye of
the {pectator.
It would be tedious to enlarge on the pecular habits of a bird, that
is familiar to every ruftic inhabitant in the kingdom. In all its
actions it difcevers a degree of inftin& fuperior to moft birds. In
many refpects it refembles the crow ; like that creature, it feeds in-
difcriminately on every kind of food, Infects, grain, fmall birds, or
their eggs, carrion, and even young poultry. Sometimes it procures
its food by ftratagem, at others by annoying larger animals when it
has no danger to apprehend from them. It is often feen perched on
the back of a Sheep or a Cow, picking off the Infects that infeft
them. In this refpect we allow them to be ufeful ;*but if they re-
lieve the poor animals from their fmaller enemies, they fubject them
to their own uncontroulable infolence, and fometimes pick out the
eyes of animals that attempt to refiftthem. Ina domeftic ftate it
is often taught to repeat words, or fentences. It does not imitate the
human voice with the fame facility and propriety as the parrot, but
fufficiently diftinét to be underftood.
Its great fhare of inftin& is clearly demonftrated by the fituation
and manner in which the neft is built: it is placed confpicuoufly on
the top of fome tree, or ina hawthorn bufh, but is always fenced below
by brambles and other thick bufhes, that make it difficult of accefs.
The neft is compofed of thorny twigs well ynterwoven, and has the
thorns
Pulp A TPR ACV
thorns fticking outwards: it is lined with wool, feathers and
roots, and is plaiftered within with fine mud. It is defended above
by a thorny covering, and has an entrance juft large enough to admit
the bird. ‘The Magpie lays fix or feven eggs of a greenifh colour,
{potted with black.
PLATE
Sew
UU eee
Peg. Bo VE
STERNA MINUTA.
i 2-S Sok Ry Tok RN.
ANSERES.
Bill obtufe covered with a thin membrane, broad, gibbous below
the bafe, {welled at the apex. ‘Tongue flefhy. Legs naked. Feet
webbed or finned. —
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Bill ftrait, flender, pointed. Noftrils narrow, on the bafe of the
bill. Tail forked. Feet webbed.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Tail forked, body white, back grey. Head. black, front white,
the white continued in a band over each eye.
STeRNA MinuTa: cauda forficata, corpore albo, dorfo cano, fronte
fuperciliifque albis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. p.809.19.
Larus Pifcator. Gefn. av. 587. fig. 588. |
Lesser Tern. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 155. pl. go.
Arét. Zool. No. 449. |
Lath. Gen. Syn. v. 6. p. 364. 18.
K Leffer
PLATE XCYE
Leffer Sea Swallow. Raii. Syn. p. 131. A. 2.
Will. Orn. p. 353. pl. 68.
Albin. 2. pl. go.
La petite Hirondelle-de-Mer. Brif. Orn. 6. p. 206. 2. pl. 19. figs 2.
Buff. Oif. 8. p. 337.
- Pl. enl. 996.
Larus Pifcator. Gefn. av. 587. fig. 588.
Hetting Terne. Brun. 152. |
Five {pecies of this tribe of birds are natives of this country, if we
include the Brown Tern mentioned by Mr. Latham as a doubtful
kind, and not noticed by Mr. Pennant. The three Terns defcribed
in the Britifh Zoology are the Greater or Common*, Black t, and
Leffer Terns: the two former being in the early. part of this work
we deem it unneceffary to defcribe them in this place: the latter,
which is the fubject reprefented in the annexed plate, is rather {maller
than the Brown enn the body is confiderably lefs; but the wings
are nearly as long, meafuring between the tips when expanded
twenty inches: the length is about eight inches and an half.
The haunts and manners of this bird are nearly the fame as thofe
of the Common Tern; it feeds on fmall Fifh and Infeéts, lives on
the fides of rivers, or on the fea coaft, and breeds amongtt the rufhes.
The egg is about an inch and a half in length, of an olive colour with
reddifh blotches. They leave their breeding-places at the approach
* Sterna Hirunds. + Sterna Fiffipes.
4 of
Pra TE URCVT,
of winter. ‘This bird is found alfo in the fouthern parts of Ruffia,
and in America.
Albin has given this fpecies and the Black Tern, or a variety of it,
as male and female, in Plate 89 and go, Vol. IT.
PLATE
-
¢
ai
i
(RAGA eit Akan erm e
Coes we IT,
TETRAO TETRIX.
PLAC @eGERO LS.
GALLINZA.
| Bill convex : the upper Mandible arched. Toes connected by: a
membrane at the bottom. ‘Tail feathers more than twelve.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
A bare fcarlet {pot above the eyes. Legs feathered to the feet.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
"Sr NO NY BES,
Blue black. ‘Tail forked. Lower half of the {condary feathers
of the wings white.
Terrao Tetrix. Linn. Syft. Nat,
T ETRAO TETRIX : nigro-violacea, cauda bifurca, remigibus fecun-
| dariis verfus bafin albis, Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.
p. 635. 3.
Scop. Ann. I. No. 169,
Kram. el. py 350. 2.
Gmel, Syft. I. p. 748.
ML Urogallus
PDA'T BE Xai
Urogallus minor, Rai. Syn. p. 53. A. 2.
Will, Orn. pl 124. te 41.
Black Cock, Black Grous, Albin. v. 1. pl. 22.
Penn. Br. Zool. 1. No. 93. pl. 42.—Ar&.
Zool.
Lath. Gen. Syn. 4s p. 733+ 3-
Le Coq de bruyeres a queue fourchue. Buff. 2. p. 210. t. 6.———
Pl. enl. 142, 173. |
Birckhahn, Gunth. Nef. u. Ey. t. 34.
Orre, Faun. Suec. fp. 102.
Berkhan Schildhan, Kram. 356.
Gallo sforcello, Scopoli. No. 169.
The Black Cock, like- the Cock of the Wood, is feldom found,
except in northern countries ; in thofe near the fouth, which it
fometimes inhabits, it prefers the coldeft fituations amongft woods
and mountains: it feeds on the birch trees and mountain fruits. In
Ruffia and Siberia, they are very abundant, as they were formerly
in Scotland, Wales, and the north of England ; at prefent they are
much diminifhed in this country, and, perhaps, may become as
fcarce as the Cock of the Wood is at prefent, the flefh being much
efteemed, and therefore eagerly fought for.
It feems to partake greatly of the habits of the Cock of the
Wood; it frequents the fame fituations, and fubfifts on the
fame kind of food. It never pairs with the females; but, in the
fpring, the male afcends fome eminence, crows, and claps his wings,
and the females, attentive to his note, refort to the fpot.
The
P WA TE” XCVU.
The female is much fmaller than the male. _ Its length is eighteen
inches, weight two pounds; the colours are red, black, and dufky
white, which are difpofed in alternate bars and fpots, in different
direCtions. The moft remarkable part of the male bird is the tail,
which confifts of fixteen feathers ; the exterior ones curve very much
outwards, and give it a forked appearance ; but when the tail is
expanded, it refembles a large fan. Length of the male is twenty-
one inches.
‘The female lay fix or eight eggs, of a yellowifh colour, fpeckled
with ferruginous, and blotched at the fmall end with the fame
* colour. The young males leave the female parent in the beginning
of winter, and keep in flocks, of fix or eight, till {fpring. They
are very quarrelfome, and fight like game-cocks,
Ei PE Ae &
;
4
€ .
¥ i ae a=. oe ‘hy a ee
ty eo RS Mee rg tthe
i ieylt ee
gy “ep oa Sa aan ae 4 etme
sath Wg ¥ AED Boyd hd eae r Ag +
Pls oo He Rare a“
. )
‘ine ot ie ;
' aay. AP ae
{ 4 k
r ; Ra. i
at hy N ry
Oe
‘ a
\ ~ & ‘
fy 1 " ‘ «
Ke { Hy
¥ ) ¥ 5 4 - - , a ¥ 4
i = el
i j
; i
ie ;
‘ ms
;
ora . be
x
;
.
t
*
vi
‘
a
ce
a
re)
aT Sth .
i
i ‘nl \
An fle AW i) v4 i } iP ; ’ f hed
® 4 ! {
mi he +)
Ks
Pie er XCVEM.
ARDEA GARZETTA. "
EGRET.
GRALLZ,
Bill roundifh. Tongue entire, flethy. highs naked. Toes
divided.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Bill ftrait, long, acute. Toes four.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
i
hy " 4
mt. Wa? AND
jit is MRE si
ae
ey j ‘SYNONYMS:
| *%,
«Bill blac. Phar of the head petted: Body white. Lore and
feet great ms
aia .
ARDEA Gaidrda’ Linn. Syft. Nat.
Arpea GarzeTra. Occipite "criltato; corpore albo, ‘roftro nigro,
loris pedibufgue virefcentibus. Lath. Ind.
Orn. 2. ps 694. 64.
Ardea Alba minor feu Garzetta. Razi. Syn. av. 99.
Will. Orn. p. 280.
Egret. Pen. Br. Zool. Appen. pl. 7.—Aré. Zool. No. 347°
Little Egret, Lath, Gen. Syn, 5. p- 90 59-
fh L2 Dwarf
Pi AT Ei Orin,
Dwarf Heron, Barbot 29.
L’Aigrette, Buff. Oif. 7. p. 372. t. 20.—Pl. el. gor.
Kleiner Weiffer Rager. Kram. 345.
Amongft the number of curious and elegant fpecies that have been
extirpated in this country, the Englifh Naturalift will moft regret the
lofs of this bird. It was formerly very common, and its flefh much
admired. It formed a part of many of the old Englith feafts ; and,
amongtt others, that recorded by Leland, which was given by George
Nevell, archbifhop of York, in the reign of Edward the Fourth,
alone included ‘* one thoufand Egrittes.” At this time it is confi-
dered fuch a rarity, that Mr. Pennant obferves, in his Appendix to
the Britifh Zoology, ‘* We once received out of Anglefea the feathers
of a bird fhot there, which we fufpect to be the Egret ; this is the
onlyeinftance, perhaps, of its being found in our country.” The
fame author adds, in another part, ‘‘ We have never met with this
bird, or the Crane, in England, but formed our defcriptions from
{pecimens in the elegant cabinet of Dr. Mauduit, in Paris.”
In fome foreign countries it is ftill very common: is found in
feveral parts of Europe:and Afia: it is alfo faid to be found in
Africa, and on the American continent.
The weight of this bird is one pound, the length about eleven
inches ; the appendage of loofe feathers, which is fituated on the
back, and hang over the rump, were anciently ufed to decorate
caps, or head pieces ; and hence the ornament to a cap, in later
times, was called an aigrette.
PLATE
=
ae
1 " e
.
\
5
t
td
ny
5
\
2 rs
‘
‘
' ‘
ree Ea,
COLYMBUS ua aay
IMBER DIVER.
ANSERES.
Bill cote covered with a thin membrane, broad, gibbous below
the bafe, {welled at the apex. Tongue flethy. Legs naked. Feet
webbed or finned. \
Pe GENERIC CHARACTER.
Pet
Bill ftraight, flender, pointed. Noftrils ccor, at the bafe of the:
pa! C3 near i tail. Feet webbed. )
ig are _ sprcrFIC CHARACTER
my ? Sal ” has
A , inn Syf Nat.
2 eee : corpore fupra nigricante albo undulato fubtus
toto albo. Lath: Ind. Orn. 2. 800. 2.
rae Gmel, Syft. I. 588.
EmzZer Goose, Sibbald Scot. 21.—Wallace Orkney 16.——Debes Ferree
Ifles 138.
G. sink? s Greater Doucker. Wil. Orn. 342.
Rati. Syn. av. 126. Na. 8.
SMe 4 Imber
PLATE Som,
Imber Diver. Br. Zool. No. 238.
Lath. Gen. Syn. §. 340. 2.
Le Grand Plongeon. Briffan 6. 105. Lab. 10.
Buff. Oif. 8. p. 251.—Pl. Enl. gr4.
NRE
The Imber Diver inhabits the feas about the Orkney and Ferroe
Iflands, and never vifits the fouthern parts of Great Britain, except
in fevere winters. Living chiefly at fea, it is taken with much dif-
ficulty. If purfued when fwimming, it dives under the water, and
does not appear again till it is at a confiderable diftance from its
purfuers. It is often caught under water by a hook, baited with
{mall fifth. Willoughby fays, they are fometimes taken in this
manner fixty feet under water.
Being rarely feen on land, it has been believed that it never quitted
the water, and that it hatched its young in a hole formed by nature
under the wing. Naturalifts have difcovered its neft among reeds
and flags in the water, where it is kept continually wet, as in fome
of the Grebe genus.
This fpecies is larger than the common goofe : the length is about
twenty-five inches. The male is faid to be diftinguifhed by a few
brown fpecks on the fide of the neck, and by having the colours
throughout more defined than in the female: fome authors have,
however, confidered the fuppofed females as birds not in an adult
fate.
‘ PLATE
\ h j
uy Salat (a I * > - 2
PEs Ad toeecaly 4 = P J
~ i a .
A ; F 5 iy
‘ } :
f | / i
ai :
peal, :
¥ * , 4
: ‘
f x ct r -
} ‘ i
> % ”
| ee 4 . ‘ .
\ ‘ + 4 =
fue a fe y
vy ce “y - i ae - .
h i F e R ‘ Ins
A \
) (¥ {
; A r % 4 ,
5 ‘ v « 4
ra
H on ~ ¢ ~
4, ~ oe
Y ae
i = ¥ ’ ’
Vie .
: 5 ~ a i ‘ :
, - ¥
- Te fae es md é
a : a} ‘
Abt sh ae + a Mi \
) Pi a Y 5 *
i erty : ; y
wa |
’ o 7”
ee
‘
1
.
: >
x
A ue ,
a) * .
n F 4 “ xi
a ry
hd it .
Y Hw i ;
5 '
\ ;
1 , . . *
h i u
4g
‘ 5
fa : t
4 ‘ y's 0
’ ‘
r { 4 :
x ]
. . ~, .
; é
'
\ )
'
7 H ‘ \ rT
. .
\ , | sad f ‘
\
‘ '
w ? ‘ ; , rt
'
4 ' Pde y ul i
r
\ ; Lott
\' i , \
\ | ; iW ‘
en iy Sti ) Oils Fe 1, V 4. lA
4 . »*
:
roe rr c
ALCEDO ISPIDA.
' KINGSFISHER.
Picz.
Bill comprefied, convex.
* , seflierwoe
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Bill triangular, thick, ftrait, long. Tongue fhort, fharp.
it
4 Pa 5
ream NONYMS.
§
t blue. Beneath rufous. Lore brown. Chin whitifh.
Pity
JA. Brachyura, fupra coerulea, fubtus fulva. Linn.
he vy ha.
Ke Tra Y Sy L Nat. edit. To.
WD ese gat A ee 5 he ; :
ns rach. Suboriftata coerulea, fubtus rufa, loris
Lath. Ind. Orn [* p. 252. 20
° 448. " j
Faun, Arag. 2, ib vik 3a
Scop.
FL AT aan.
Scop. an. 1. p. 55. No. 64.
Rait. Syn. p. 48. Noi A. EF.
Kingsfither. Lath. Gen. Syn. 2. p. 626.—Suppl. 113.
Kingsfifher. Wii), Orn. p. 146. 1. 24.
Albin I. pl. 54.
Pennant. Br. Zool. 1. 246. pl. 38.
Le Martin-péfcheur, Brif. Orn. 4. p. 471. No. I.
Le Martin-péfcheur, ou l’Alcyon. Buff. Oif. 7. p. 164. Pl. enl. m7,
Piombino, Martino pefcatore,
Pefcatore del re. Zinan. 116. | ‘
Isfogel. Muf. Fr. ad. 16. Scopoli, No. 64.
Eifvogel. Frifch. 2. 223.
Meerfchwalbe. Kram. 337.
=
ET eA LN ERO
The Kingsfifher is feven inches in length; its weight is one
ounce and a quarter. It is almoft needlefs to remark, that this bird
is e{teemed the moft beautiful of the feathered race that inhabits the
fouth of Europe. In its form it is rather inelegant ; but its colours
are fine throughout: the azure of its back is exceedingly bright;
and when the creature is hovering in the air, in a fine day, it appears
tefplendent in the higheft degree.
The abfurd fiGiions that poets, in the vigour of their imagi-
nation, have formed concerning this bird, have particularly in-
clined naturalifts to examine its manners of life with attention. The
poets placed it in a floating neft, during the time of incubation,
and endowed it with power to calm the adverfe winds and feas.
Ariftotle and Pliny tell us, that this bird is moft common in the feas
of Sicily: that it fat only a few days, and thofe in the depth of
winter,
P Yaa 1) @,
winter, and during that period the mariner might fail in full fecu-
rity, for which reafon they were ftyled Halcyon days*. Among the
moderns, its flefh has been thought unperifhable, and capable of
preferving woollen and other veftments from decay ; and it has alfo
been fuppofed to turn its breaft to the north when hung up dead.
Specimens of this bird are brought from almoft every part of the
world: in England it is not uncommon: it frequents the fides of
running ftreams, and takes its prey, which confifts entirely of fifh,
by darting on it in the water. It makes no neft, but lays feven or
more, beautiful tranfparent white eggs, in a large hole in the bank
of a river or ftream.
* Pennant.
INDEX —
ees be ’
a P| ie he di
er a eA
CASS eee! HA
Lo
* ira
Ye rr” hee a
oN as t a
/ aN yeh ‘
Pas 4
Baa
Y -
on ee ye ae alse
\ . an er
. at
oi
a ae wid
ane ete VR on tN
y
‘
'
(
‘ re
i
hy
{
wor
1h aN
te Nid -*
‘
Di ca
7
Pe ee
Tame
Aa 4
%
. save
;
wid
4 ~
en nt
wih
Wea
ah hil NS
RLF ba!
a
re) 2 a
as
j
,
pose astm tay di Hane
.
+
‘
nl
,
i
a
‘
tia |
‘
HHP Ree ie
, i
'
/
om, ae,
4
vai bea
Sal ae
a re ate wee
HPA
a
‘
Vid
,
6
ee ey
4
loon
ctl sida Y
f( “/
=
i
‘
i
“2
*
“gp Chee
mh. i,
tii’ \
i
4 pot
y
rn
‘
fH
adi Wi
Tn
.
‘
a
,
.
.
£
et \
tary i
L fae 6 ge
,
Cae r)
wag
' a
ah
om |
6
‘
- X
}
vt
Ki
4
be
~
.
\
we
> te:
at
et Wald ee
y 4 .
wa 4
as wd
Wr a
PN DE 4¢fo@-V00 L, IV,
ARRANGEMENT
ACCORDING TO THE
Yo TEM or. LIN N 4AyiLs,
reir eT.
AG Cd Pal & Ress.
Plate
FALCO SUBBUTEO Ves "og ince - = - Of
Faico /EsALon - - “ - = | OW
@5TRIx PASSERINA “ 7 - - - go
Lanius ExcuBiTor ~ - ~ = - 8
Lanius Rurus - ~ - . - 84
OgR DE RH.
PLC A.
Corvus CARYOCATACTES ea - - 80
CORVUSPICA - - = - - - 95
Yunx Torauitia ~ “ae - - 8
Sirta Evropa#a - - - x 4p Oe
Axcepo Isprpa - mee fae - - 100
PON? DV om.
O.R DER II.
ANSERES.
Anas. JEGYPATICA a 3
_CorymBus SEPTENTRIONALIS -
CoLtymsus IMMER oe te a
Larus HyBerNnus as i i
STERNA MINUTA a je z
STERNA FISSIPES . is hs
ORDER IV.
GRALLE.
ARDEA Mayor = ue pa yu
ScOLOPAX ALGOCEPHALA ze B
Of DE KY.
GALLINE.
TeTRAO UROGALLUS i o e
Terrao Terrix “ a i
a ee
OR DER VI.
PASSERES.
ALAUDA OBSCURA 2 2 ys
FrRINGILLA MONTANA - A i
97
Bh Ny Bh Ey
Plate
FRINGILLA MONTIFRINGILLA - - nh | = BS
MoTAciLiLa SyYLvIA?. « is as -— te
MoraciLLa PHANICURUS a - - =" $2
~Moracitia RusBICcOLA - - - - 92
Parus ATER - . - s = - 499
V OF;
ew ple se
V O08 ae
ARRANGEMENT
ACCORDING TO
LATHAM’s SYNOPSIS or BIRDS.
DIV PTSION. I: .\ Manp Berns,
O RD fer fT. RapPacious.
GaN UW S AI.
Fauco SussuTeo, Hoxssy i = -
Fatco Aisaton, MERLIN a 2 My
GENUS III.
Strix Passerina, Lit TLe Own - >
ORDER II. Piss.
GaE NOU 8! IV:
Lanius Excusitor, GREAT CINEREOUS SHRIKE
Lanius Rurus, Woop CHaTr - = -
r
GENUS XI.
Corvus Pica, MacpPiE ~- - #
Corvus CARYOCATACTES, NUTCRACKER -
Plate
- gf
- 94
2 9°
87
~ | Sz
7 95
at - SO
Len .D,-E --X.
Cen US XxX.
Yunx Toravyitta, Common WryneEck
GEN US XXIII.
Atcepo Ispipa, Common KINGSFISHER -
GEN US XXL:
Sirta Evropaia, EvuroprEan NUTHATCH “
ORDER III. Passerine;
GENUS XXXVII.
FrRINGILLA MonTIFRINGILLA, BRAMBLING a
FrincittaA Montana, TREE SPARROW -
GENUS XXXIXx,
At Aupa Osscura, Dusky. Lark ss .
G ENO SX Lk: (Sylvia Lath.)
Moracitia Rusicota, Stone CHAT =
Moracitia PHoenicurus, REDSTART e
Moraciiia Syivia, Lesser Waite THroat
GEN US-XLII.
Parus ATER, COLEMOUSE s = Z
‘OR DER IV. ° Corumeine,
GE Nees LI.
Terrao UrocaLtius, Woop Grous - 2
Tetrao Terrix, Brack Grous i
M
Too
Sr
Nu D i wa
DIVIST ON, JL @ Wate pices
ORDER VII... Wrru Croven Feet.
GsEeN UsS) “av:
ARDEA GARZETTA, EGRET “ 3 i. fc
ARDEA CINEREA, COMMON HERON fe _ a
GEN US LXV.
SCOLOPAX AL.GOCEPHALA, COMMON GODWIT -
OR DER IX. WeEsB-FOOTED.
J
GENUS LXXXVI.
CoLtyMBus SEPTENTRIONALIS, RED-THROATED DIVER
CoLtymsus IMMER. Imeper Diver - al 3
GENUS LXXXVIII.
Sterna Mrnuta, Lesser TERN é L 2
STERNA Fissipes, BLack TERN < 2 «
GEN UWS. EXkxXls.
Larus Hysernus, WinTER GULL Sait ae =
G.E NeU S XCIt.
ANAS ALGYPATICA, EGYPTIAN GOOSE - - -
48
99
77
93
VOL.
Ye DOE. XM
iG i. AV:
ALPHABETICAL ARRANGEMENT.
Plate
JEgypatica, Anas, Egyptian Goofe 2 ai =\i O2
_/Egocephaia Scolopax, Common Godwit - amy TS
fEfalon, Falco, Merlin - s a t. = |) 94
Ater, Parus, Colemoufe - = a a ~ 79
Caryocatactes, Corvus, Nutcracker - - af SiG
Cinerea, Ardea, Common Heron - - ea
Europza, Sitta, European Nuthatch - - ~ &&
Excubitor, Lanius, Great cinereous Shrike - - 87
Fiffipes, Sterna, Black “Tern - - - - FA
Garzetta, Ardea, Egret = - - - - =i OS
Hybernus, Larus, Winter Gull - = - - 99
Immer, Colymbus, Imber Diver ie “ | 96
Ifpida, Aicedo, Common Kingsfifher = = = 2eo
Minuta, Sterna, Leffler Tern a - ‘s ~ "96
Montana, Fringilla, Tree Sparrow - ~ - 88
Montifringilla, Fringilla, Brambling = - - 85
Obfcura, Alauda, Dufky Lark - Ae eee iy.
Pafferina, Strix, Little Owl ae 2 ‘ = A) 90
Phoenicurus, Motacilla, Redftart = = - 82
Pica, Corvus, Magpie = “ : = oi O05
Rubicola Motacilla, Stone Chat = - oe te = 1862
_ Rufus, Lanius, Wood Chat quae es a oA
Subbuteo, Falco, Hobby 2 “ ‘3 - OI
Sylvia, Motacilla, Leffler White Throat = — -~ 86
Tetrix, Tetrao, Black Grous ay | | n = = ar
Torquilla, Yunx, Common Wryneck - * - 83
Urogallus Tetrao, Wood Grous ou - - 89
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